Casual smokers may think that smoking a few cigarettes a week is "no big deal." But according to new research from physician-scientists at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, having an infrequent smoke, or being exposed to secondhand smoke, may be doing more harm than people may think. The findings may further support public smoking bans, say the authors.
According to a new study published today in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, being exposed to even low-levels of cigarette smoke may put people at risk for future lung disease, such as lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Epidemiological studies have long shown that secondhand smoke is dangerous, but there have never been conclusive biological tests demonstrating what it does to the body at a gene function level, until now.
"Even at the lowest detectable levels of exposure, we found direct effects on the functioning of genes within the cells lining the airways," says Dr. Ronald Crystal, senior author of the study and chief of the division of pulmonary and critical care medicine at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell and chair of the department of genetic medicine at Weill Cornell Medical College in New York City.
Dr. Crystal explains that genes, commonly activated in the cells of heavy smokers, are also turned on or off in those with very low-level exposure.
"The genetic effect is much lower than those who are regular smokers, but this does not mean that there are no health consequences," says Dr. Crystal. "Certain genes within the cells lining the airways are very sensitive to tobacco smoke, and changes in the function of these genes are the first evidence of 'biological disease' in the lungs or individuals."
To make their findings, Dr. Crystal and his collaborators tested 121 people from three different categories: "nonsmokers," "active smokers" and "low exposure smokers." The researchers tested urine levels of nicotine and cotinine -- markers of cigarette smoking within the body -- to determine each participant's category.
The research team then scanned each person's entire genome to determine which genes were either activated or deactivated in cells lining the airways. They found that there was no level of nicotine or cotinine that did not also correlate with genetic abnormalities.
"This means that no level of smoking, or exposure to secondhand smoke, is safe," says Dr. Crystal. He goes on to say that these genetic changes are like a "canary in a coal mine," warning of potential life-threatening disease, "but the canary is chirping for low-level exposure patients, and screaming for active smokers."
Dr. Crystal says that this is further evidence supporting the banning of smoking in public places, where non-smokers, and employees of businesses that allow smoking, are put at risk for future lung disease.
Co-authors of the study include Yael Strulovici-Barel, Dr. Michael O'Mahony, Dr. Cynthia Gordon, Dr. Charleen Hollmann, Dr. Ann Tilley, Jacqueline Salit, Dr. Ben-Gary Harvey, all from NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell; Dr. Jason Mezey from Cornell University in Ithaca, New York and Weill Cornell Medical College in New York City; and Dr. Larsson Omberg from Cornell University.
Funding for the study came from grants from the National Institutes of Health, The Flight Attendant's Medical Research Institute, and the Cornell Center for Comparative and Population Genomics.
Sunday, 22 August 2010
Finland Bans Tobacco Display In Europe's Toughest Tobacco Control Law
ASH congratulates the Finnish president who signed a new law putting tobacco displays out of sight in shops. Finland joins a growing number of countries including Ireland, Canada and Norway that have adopted the measure to protect young people from tobacco marketing. [1] In several jurisdictions, including Scotland and England, tobacco manufacturers have initiated legal challenges to defend this highly effective marketing asset. [2]
The Finnish law does not stop at ending tobacco displays: it also makes it an offence for under 18s to possess tobacco products. Buying cigarettes on behalf of a minor becomes an offence punishable by up to 6 months in prison.
Martin Dockrell, Director of policy and research at the health charity Action on Smoking & Health said:
"Across the UK those who make and sell cigarettes have been fighting tooth and nail to overturn this legislation but the tide is running against them. Laws for smokefree public places started in a few small jurisdictions and rapidly spread across the globe. We are seeing exactly the same process here, the only question is: Will the UK be one of the first major economies to implement a display ban or will it be the first to cave in to tobacco industry pressure and reverse a law that has already been passed by parliament?"
Notes:
[1] To date 5 countries have implemented tobacco display bans: Australia, Canada, Iceland, Ireland and Norway. The ban on tobacco displays in Finland will come into effect on 1 January 2012. A ban on the sale of tobacco products from vending machines will be implemented from 1 Jan 2015.
[2] Legal challenges have been issued in England, Scotland and Norway.
The following is a summary of the new Finnish tobacco law:
The new objective of the Tobacco Act is to put an end to the use of tobacco products in Finland. The purpose is to achieve this aim by preventing in particular children and adolescents from taking up smoking. Finland is the first country to lay down the aim of putting an end to smoking in a law. The Government proposed passing the bill on Wednesday 18 August. The purpose is that the President of the Republic will approve the proposed Act on Friday.
The purpose of the Act is to restrict the marketing and supply of tobacco products especially in the everyday life of children. Not only shops but also private persons may not sell or supply tobacco products to persons under 18. According to the Act, even selling one cigarette or fetching a packet of cigarettes from a shop to a minor person should be interpreted as a tobacco selling violation, for which the person can be fined or sentenced to prison for a maximum of six months. It is also forbidden to offer tobacco without payment to minor persons, but this is not punishable however.
People under 18 are forbidden to import and possess tobacco products. A fine can be imposed on import of tobacco products, but possession is not punishable under the law. In the future, also sellers of tobacco products must be aged at least 18 years.
There will be a total ban on the sale of snuff in Finland, as the ban on import and sale will be extended to also apply to private persons. Ordering snuff e.g. via the Internet will also be forbidden. A maximum of 30 packets, each containing 50 grams snuff, may however be imported for one's own use. It will be forbidden to import snuff as a gift.
The prohibitions against smoking will be extended e.g. in facilities used by children and young people, the joint facilities of apartment house companies, events organised outdoors and hotel rooms.
In the future, tobacco products or their trademarks may not be displayed in retail sale facilities. Customers can at their request be shown a catalogue or be given a printed list of the prices of the tobacco products on sale. Furthermore, the sale of tobacco products from vending machines will be forbidden. The Medicines Act is amended to the effect that nicotine preparations can be sold, besides in shops, kiosks and gas stations, also in restaurants.
The Act enters into force as soon as on 1 October this year. The prohibition on display of tobacco products as well as the restrictions on smoking in hotel rooms enter into force at the beginning of 2012. The vending machines for tobacco products will be forbidden as from the beginning of 2015.
The Finnish law does not stop at ending tobacco displays: it also makes it an offence for under 18s to possess tobacco products. Buying cigarettes on behalf of a minor becomes an offence punishable by up to 6 months in prison.
Martin Dockrell, Director of policy and research at the health charity Action on Smoking & Health said:
"Across the UK those who make and sell cigarettes have been fighting tooth and nail to overturn this legislation but the tide is running against them. Laws for smokefree public places started in a few small jurisdictions and rapidly spread across the globe. We are seeing exactly the same process here, the only question is: Will the UK be one of the first major economies to implement a display ban or will it be the first to cave in to tobacco industry pressure and reverse a law that has already been passed by parliament?"
Notes:
[1] To date 5 countries have implemented tobacco display bans: Australia, Canada, Iceland, Ireland and Norway. The ban on tobacco displays in Finland will come into effect on 1 January 2012. A ban on the sale of tobacco products from vending machines will be implemented from 1 Jan 2015.
[2] Legal challenges have been issued in England, Scotland and Norway.
The following is a summary of the new Finnish tobacco law:
The new objective of the Tobacco Act is to put an end to the use of tobacco products in Finland. The purpose is to achieve this aim by preventing in particular children and adolescents from taking up smoking. Finland is the first country to lay down the aim of putting an end to smoking in a law. The Government proposed passing the bill on Wednesday 18 August. The purpose is that the President of the Republic will approve the proposed Act on Friday.
The purpose of the Act is to restrict the marketing and supply of tobacco products especially in the everyday life of children. Not only shops but also private persons may not sell or supply tobacco products to persons under 18. According to the Act, even selling one cigarette or fetching a packet of cigarettes from a shop to a minor person should be interpreted as a tobacco selling violation, for which the person can be fined or sentenced to prison for a maximum of six months. It is also forbidden to offer tobacco without payment to minor persons, but this is not punishable however.
People under 18 are forbidden to import and possess tobacco products. A fine can be imposed on import of tobacco products, but possession is not punishable under the law. In the future, also sellers of tobacco products must be aged at least 18 years.
There will be a total ban on the sale of snuff in Finland, as the ban on import and sale will be extended to also apply to private persons. Ordering snuff e.g. via the Internet will also be forbidden. A maximum of 30 packets, each containing 50 grams snuff, may however be imported for one's own use. It will be forbidden to import snuff as a gift.
The prohibitions against smoking will be extended e.g. in facilities used by children and young people, the joint facilities of apartment house companies, events organised outdoors and hotel rooms.
In the future, tobacco products or their trademarks may not be displayed in retail sale facilities. Customers can at their request be shown a catalogue or be given a printed list of the prices of the tobacco products on sale. Furthermore, the sale of tobacco products from vending machines will be forbidden. The Medicines Act is amended to the effect that nicotine preparations can be sold, besides in shops, kiosks and gas stations, also in restaurants.
The Act enters into force as soon as on 1 October this year. The prohibition on display of tobacco products as well as the restrictions on smoking in hotel rooms enter into force at the beginning of 2012. The vending machines for tobacco products will be forbidden as from the beginning of 2015.
Second Hand Smoke More Harmful Than People Think
Being exposed to second hand smoke, also known as passive smoking - non-smokers breathing in smoke from lit cigarettes around them - may significantly increase the long-term risk of developing lung disease, such as lung cancer and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), according to a report published in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. The same applies to casual (occasional) smoking.
This is the first study to demonstrate what passive or occasional smoking does to the body at a gene function level, say the authors.
Study author, Dr. Ronald Crystal, head of pulmonary and critical care medicine at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell and chair of the department of genetic medicine at Weill Cornell Medical College in New York City, said:
Even at the lowest detectable levels of exposure, we found direct effects on the functioning of genes within the cells lining the airways.
The genes which are usually activated in the cells of regular heavy smokers may also be turned on/off in individuals with very low-level exposure, Dr. Crystal explained.
Dr. Crystal added:
The genetic effect is much lower than those who are regular smokers, but this does not mean that there are no health consequences. Certain genes within the cells lining the airways are very sensitive to tobacco smoke, and changes in the function of these genes are the first evidence of 'biological disease' in the lungs or individuals.
The researchers tested 121 individuals from three different categories:
* Non-smokers
* Currently active regular smoker
* Low exposure smokers
To determine what category they were, participants' urine levels of nicotine and cotinine were measured - these are markers of cigarette smoking within the body.
Each participant's entire genome was scanned to find out which genes were either activated or deactivated in the cell linings of the airways. The researchers discovered that there was no level of nicotine or cotinine that did not also correlate with genetic abnormalities.
Dr. Crystal said:
This means that no level of smoking, or exposure to secondhand smoke, is safe.
Dr. Crystal added that the genetic changes act like a canary in a coal mine warning of latent life-threatening conditions and diseases..
..but the canary is chirping for low-level exposure patients, and screaming for active smokers.
This is further compelling evidence in favor of banning smoking in public places where non-smokers may be at risk of future lung disease, Dr. Crystal says.
Second hand smoke - also known as passive smoking or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is environmental tobacco smoke that is inhaled involuntarily by a non-smoker.
This is the first study to demonstrate what passive or occasional smoking does to the body at a gene function level, say the authors.
Study author, Dr. Ronald Crystal, head of pulmonary and critical care medicine at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell and chair of the department of genetic medicine at Weill Cornell Medical College in New York City, said:
Even at the lowest detectable levels of exposure, we found direct effects on the functioning of genes within the cells lining the airways.
The genes which are usually activated in the cells of regular heavy smokers may also be turned on/off in individuals with very low-level exposure, Dr. Crystal explained.
Dr. Crystal added:
The genetic effect is much lower than those who are regular smokers, but this does not mean that there are no health consequences. Certain genes within the cells lining the airways are very sensitive to tobacco smoke, and changes in the function of these genes are the first evidence of 'biological disease' in the lungs or individuals.
The researchers tested 121 individuals from three different categories:
* Non-smokers
* Currently active regular smoker
* Low exposure smokers
To determine what category they were, participants' urine levels of nicotine and cotinine were measured - these are markers of cigarette smoking within the body.
Each participant's entire genome was scanned to find out which genes were either activated or deactivated in the cell linings of the airways. The researchers discovered that there was no level of nicotine or cotinine that did not also correlate with genetic abnormalities.
Dr. Crystal said:
This means that no level of smoking, or exposure to secondhand smoke, is safe.
Dr. Crystal added that the genetic changes act like a canary in a coal mine warning of latent life-threatening conditions and diseases..
..but the canary is chirping for low-level exposure patients, and screaming for active smokers.
This is further compelling evidence in favor of banning smoking in public places where non-smokers may be at risk of future lung disease, Dr. Crystal says.
Second hand smoke - also known as passive smoking or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is environmental tobacco smoke that is inhaled involuntarily by a non-smoker.
Sunday, 13 June 2010
Passive smoking link to mental health problems
PASSIVE smoking has been linked to mental health problems for the first time by a scientific study that suggests those exposed to cigarette fumes are three times more likely to be admitted to psychiatric hospital than those free from nicotine exposure.
A study of more than 8,000 Scots also found that passive smokers were more likely to report depressive moods than non-smokers who steered clear of inhaling other people's cigarette smoke.
The research was conducted by scientists at University Co
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llege London, who examined a sample of 5,560 non-smoking adults and 2,595 smokers drawn from the Scottish Health Survey, a database representative of the general population.
Non-smokers were tested for second-hand smoke exposure by testing participants' saliva for cotinine –- a substance that acts as a marker that can reveal how much smoke a person has been exposed to.
Participants also filled out a questionnaire designed to measure mental health by examining happiness levels, experience of depressive and anxiety symptoms and sleep disturbance over four weeks.
The questionnaire revealed how many members of the sample had suffered "psychological distress" – an episode defined as a low mood that fell short of clinical depression but could develop into a more serious condition. Analysis of the data found that passive smokers were more likely to suffer "psychological distress" than those free from tobacco smoke.
In the non-smokers with very low levels of passive smoke exposure, the rate of psychological distress was nine per cent. Among the non-smokers who experienced high exposure, the rate was 14 per cent.
"We found quite a strong association between passive smoke exposure and poorer mental health," said Dr Mark Hamer, the head of research.
Sheila Duffy, chief executive of Ash Scotland, said:
"We have known about links between active smoking and mental health problems, but this new research suggests that second-hand smoke is even more harmful than we thought."
A study of more than 8,000 Scots also found that passive smokers were more likely to report depressive moods than non-smokers who steered clear of inhaling other people's cigarette smoke.
The research was conducted by scientists at University Co
ADVERTISEMENT
llege London, who examined a sample of 5,560 non-smoking adults and 2,595 smokers drawn from the Scottish Health Survey, a database representative of the general population.
Non-smokers were tested for second-hand smoke exposure by testing participants' saliva for cotinine –- a substance that acts as a marker that can reveal how much smoke a person has been exposed to.
Participants also filled out a questionnaire designed to measure mental health by examining happiness levels, experience of depressive and anxiety symptoms and sleep disturbance over four weeks.
The questionnaire revealed how many members of the sample had suffered "psychological distress" – an episode defined as a low mood that fell short of clinical depression but could develop into a more serious condition. Analysis of the data found that passive smokers were more likely to suffer "psychological distress" than those free from tobacco smoke.
In the non-smokers with very low levels of passive smoke exposure, the rate of psychological distress was nine per cent. Among the non-smokers who experienced high exposure, the rate was 14 per cent.
"We found quite a strong association between passive smoke exposure and poorer mental health," said Dr Mark Hamer, the head of research.
Sheila Duffy, chief executive of Ash Scotland, said:
"We have known about links between active smoking and mental health problems, but this new research suggests that second-hand smoke is even more harmful than we thought."
Greece to ban smoking in all indoor public places
Greece, a nation of heavy smokers, is to ban smoking in all indoor public places from 1 September because a partial ban enacted last July failed, the health minister, Marilisa Xenogiannakopoulou, said today.
Last year's ban was largely ignored because of exemptions for small bars and restaurants, complex rules and the failure to crack down on offenders, and Greeks routinely light up cigarettes in taxis, larger bars, or even at work.
"There were problems in the implementation of the law, there were grey areas and contradictions," the minister said.
"We had to bring in new legislation ... From 1 September 2010, Greece will fully ban [smoking] in all public places."
Casinos and bars bigger than 300 sq m will be given eight months to apply the law, she said.
More than 40% of Greeks smoke, making them the heaviest smokers in Europe, and nearly as many are exposed to smoking at work, according to a European Union poll.
Smoking-related diseases kill about 20,000 people a year, costing the country an annual €2.14bn (£1.8bn), the health ministry said last year.
Bar and restaurant owners had complained last year's law was too complicated and was hurting business.
Some restaurant owners who had originally implemented the law put ashtrays back on the table after losing customers.
The government will publish a draft bill in the coming days, Xenogiannakopoulou said.
Last year's ban, agreed under the previous, conservative administration, imposed fines of up to €500 on smokers who broke the law, while bars and restaurants risked losing their licence.
Smoking is also becoming more expensive in Greece.
The government agreed in talks with the EU and the IMF earlier this month to increase excise tax on cigarettes by 10% as part of austerity measures aimed at plugging the huge budget deficit.
Last year's ban was largely ignored because of exemptions for small bars and restaurants, complex rules and the failure to crack down on offenders, and Greeks routinely light up cigarettes in taxis, larger bars, or even at work.
"There were problems in the implementation of the law, there were grey areas and contradictions," the minister said.
"We had to bring in new legislation ... From 1 September 2010, Greece will fully ban [smoking] in all public places."
Casinos and bars bigger than 300 sq m will be given eight months to apply the law, she said.
More than 40% of Greeks smoke, making them the heaviest smokers in Europe, and nearly as many are exposed to smoking at work, according to a European Union poll.
Smoking-related diseases kill about 20,000 people a year, costing the country an annual €2.14bn (£1.8bn), the health ministry said last year.
Bar and restaurant owners had complained last year's law was too complicated and was hurting business.
Some restaurant owners who had originally implemented the law put ashtrays back on the table after losing customers.
The government will publish a draft bill in the coming days, Xenogiannakopoulou said.
Last year's ban, agreed under the previous, conservative administration, imposed fines of up to €500 on smokers who broke the law, while bars and restaurants risked losing their licence.
Smoking is also becoming more expensive in Greece.
The government agreed in talks with the EU and the IMF earlier this month to increase excise tax on cigarettes by 10% as part of austerity measures aimed at plugging the huge budget deficit.
Monday, 8 February 2010
Bans on smoking in public places significantly reduce the number of heart attacks
Bans on smoking in public places had a greater impact on the prevention of heart attacks than ever expected, shows the data collected.
According to two studies, smoking bans in Europe and North America has reduced heart attacks by one third to notify the British national broadcaster the BBC. New research published in two leading journals, "Circulation" and the "Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
Benefits the heart is significantly greater than expected prior to publication bans, and the British 10 per cent previously published. rate.
Earlier this month, Britain published data, that in England alone of heart attacks decreased by 10 percent. after July 2007 have been banned smoking in public places.
Doctor James Lightwood from the University of California at San Francisco led the "Circulation" study, which summarized 13 different analysis.
His team discovered that heart attacks in Europe and North America started to decline soon after anti-smoking rules in force and over time their numbers fell more and more - after a three-year decrease of 36 percent.
"Although it is clear that we do not reach a zero rate of heart attacks, these data provide evidence that the short and medium term, a ban on smoking will help prevent many attacks," - he said.
J. Lightwood According to this study contributes to other credible evidence that passive smoking, the harmful substances in non-smoker person receives a passing smokers smoke causes heart attacks.
"Smoke-free workplaces and public places, the validation enactment of legislation is some of what can be done to protect the public", - he said.
According to two studies, smoking bans in Europe and North America has reduced heart attacks by one third to notify the British national broadcaster the BBC. New research published in two leading journals, "Circulation" and the "Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
Benefits the heart is significantly greater than expected prior to publication bans, and the British 10 per cent previously published. rate.
Earlier this month, Britain published data, that in England alone of heart attacks decreased by 10 percent. after July 2007 have been banned smoking in public places.
Doctor James Lightwood from the University of California at San Francisco led the "Circulation" study, which summarized 13 different analysis.
His team discovered that heart attacks in Europe and North America started to decline soon after anti-smoking rules in force and over time their numbers fell more and more - after a three-year decrease of 36 percent.
"Although it is clear that we do not reach a zero rate of heart attacks, these data provide evidence that the short and medium term, a ban on smoking will help prevent many attacks," - he said.
J. Lightwood According to this study contributes to other credible evidence that passive smoking, the harmful substances in non-smoker person receives a passing smokers smoke causes heart attacks.
"Smoke-free workplaces and public places, the validation enactment of legislation is some of what can be done to protect the public", - he said.
Saturday, 6 February 2010
Smoking and the consequences
Tobacco smoking is the most common addiction disease, causing more health problems and premature deaths than all other legal and illegal drugs combined.
World-wide pervasive use of tobacco is a growing problem, leading to increasing morbidity and mortality from tobacco-related diseases. The World Bank estimates about a third of the adult world people smoke, which is about 1.3 billion smokers in the world. Smoking is already cause 4.9 million. deaths every year, being one of the 10 deaths. It is the most important cardiovascular diseases, malignant tumors and respiratory disease risk factor. Smokers often suffer from disease, and 25 on average, lose 5-8, and middle-aged men (35-59 m) in the group - 20-25 years of productive life. One of the two from his youth rūkiusių and nemetusių smoking numiršta from tobacco-related diseases.
Lithuania 2006 43.4 per cent smoked on a daily basis. 20-64 in old men and 14.5 per cent. women.
Effects of smoking
Tobacco smoke found that more than 4000 chemical compounds, of which about 200 actually considered to be harmful to health, and 40 are approved for Group A carcinogens. Carcinogens (various benzpirenai, nitrosamines, and radioactive polonium, etc.). Enter the body with resins and the most immediate harm to contact sites (lips, oral cavity, larynx, bronchial mucosa, and in recent years the occurrence of "light" cigarette smoking, and alveolar and interstitial lung tissue) and therefore long-term smoking leads to the pharynx, larynx, esophagus, lung, stomach, pancreas, liver and bladder cancer, also increases the risk of ill, and other forms of cancer. Mucous membrane irritant substance (acid radicals, aldehydes, etc..) Cause chronic inflammation of the bronchial mucosa, epithelial atrophy and virpamojo so-called "smoker's bronchitis, and ultimately to pulmonary emphysema and chronic lung and heart failure.
Nicotine, sutraukdamas the small blood vessels, the walls of their deteriorating diets and encourages the development of atherosclerosis. Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide), creating a stable compound with hemoglobin, impaired oxygen metabolism. Both of these substances together increases the risk of ill ischemic heart disease, stroke, aortic aneurysm, heart rhythm disturbances.
Nicotine is the main active ingredient in tobacco smoke, both active in the central and the autonomous nervous system, distorts neurohormonų metabolism and resulting in the emergence of dependence. Tobacco smoking is the most effective way to introduce nicotine into the body (smoking in the first dose reaches the brain within 10-20 seconds. But then the smokers received and all other harmful substances).
Effect of Smoking Health
Regular smoking health effects depend on the number of cigarettes surūkomų (entering into the body of harmful substances in total), smoking duration (length of service) and individual characteristics of the organism, and not all smokers smoke-induced effects occur uniformly. The most notable is a causal link between smoking and diseases of pulmonary cancer. By 90 to 95 percent. it was regularly sick smokers. All smoking-related forms of cancer leads to 30 percent. overall mortality from malignant tumors.
Chronic bronchitis is an inevitable consequence of long-term regular smoking. 75 percent. all respiratory disease associated with smoking, but it leads to only 3-4 per cent. overall mortality. The reason is that chronic lung disease takes a long time, and smokers during the time of death and other diseases.
Smoking leads to 25 percent. mortality from ischemic heart disease and is considered one of its most important risk factor, especially in combination with others (hypercholesterolaemia, arterial hypertension, etc.).. Young and middle-aged men smoking is considered one of the most important of their early death from myocardial infarction factor.
Causing circulatory disorders and sperm motility by reducing smoking leads to male infertility, smoking also increases the likelihood and impotence.
Smoking effects are particularly sensitive to your child's body. Studies have found that smoking among children in the lungs rapidly evolving genetic changes that can lead to lung cancer. Dependence on tobacco, they may occur after just a few cigarettes surūkymo, but after the first two years of smoking at least a few cigarettes per day smokers, students assess their health worse than non-smokers.
Female smokers suffering from the same diseases as smoking men, but on the psychophysical characteristics of their health suffer more. Smoking women get pregnant later, tend to be infertile, they tend to be dysmenorrhea and premature menopause. Rūkančioms women together, and taking oral contraceptives, especially susceptible to increased risk of ischemic heart disease. Nicotine and carbon monoxide easily passes the placental barrier and enters the fetal blood, and pregnant women smoking is dangerous not only them, but the fruit body. Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of spontaneous abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy increases perinatal mortality, slows fetal and child development. Smoking women are more likely give birth to lower weight and preterm babies, their babies often die from sudden infant death syndrome.
Passive smoking
Passive smoking is called breathing tobacco smoke, polluted air. Passive smoking is harmful to both adults and children. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency passive smoking is identified as Group A (confirmed) human carcinogen. Tobacco smoke irritates the eyes and respiratory tract mucosa, accelerates the emergence of fatigue, can trigger headaches, angina, asthma attacks, exacerbate the symptoms of allergic diseases. Frequent and long-term passive smoking increases lung cancer, heart disease, stroke and other smoking-disease risk.
Tobacco smoke are particularly vulnerable children whose parents smoke. These children are 1.5 times more often suffer from asthma, respiratory tract infections, otitis media, often visiting the clinic and other diseases. Such children struggling to learn, they experience more psychological problems. Children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy, often twice the mortality, sudden infant death syndrome.
Smoking Quitline
About 70 per cent. of all regular smokers want to quit smoking, many of whom have ever tried to quit, but only 1 to 5 percent. who had tried to quit succeeded in becoming self-non-smoking (smoking years and more). Therefore, smokers are two-fold need assistance, one should be encouraged to quit smoking and to strengthen the motivation of stopping, others, already willing to give up and want to require different levels of medical and psychiatric assistance: medical consultation, the pharmacological treatment, psychotherapy, anonymous groups, telephone and other methods.
Separate ways to the effectiveness of aid is very different from the minimum (5% of self-dropping case) to 50-70% of the strong motivation of patients in the groups expected the best results when available to all routes of exposure.
World-wide pervasive use of tobacco is a growing problem, leading to increasing morbidity and mortality from tobacco-related diseases. The World Bank estimates about a third of the adult world people smoke, which is about 1.3 billion smokers in the world. Smoking is already cause 4.9 million. deaths every year, being one of the 10 deaths. It is the most important cardiovascular diseases, malignant tumors and respiratory disease risk factor. Smokers often suffer from disease, and 25 on average, lose 5-8, and middle-aged men (35-59 m) in the group - 20-25 years of productive life. One of the two from his youth rūkiusių and nemetusių smoking numiršta from tobacco-related diseases.
Lithuania 2006 43.4 per cent smoked on a daily basis. 20-64 in old men and 14.5 per cent. women.
Effects of smoking
Tobacco smoke found that more than 4000 chemical compounds, of which about 200 actually considered to be harmful to health, and 40 are approved for Group A carcinogens. Carcinogens (various benzpirenai, nitrosamines, and radioactive polonium, etc.). Enter the body with resins and the most immediate harm to contact sites (lips, oral cavity, larynx, bronchial mucosa, and in recent years the occurrence of "light" cigarette smoking, and alveolar and interstitial lung tissue) and therefore long-term smoking leads to the pharynx, larynx, esophagus, lung, stomach, pancreas, liver and bladder cancer, also increases the risk of ill, and other forms of cancer. Mucous membrane irritant substance (acid radicals, aldehydes, etc..) Cause chronic inflammation of the bronchial mucosa, epithelial atrophy and virpamojo so-called "smoker's bronchitis, and ultimately to pulmonary emphysema and chronic lung and heart failure.
Nicotine, sutraukdamas the small blood vessels, the walls of their deteriorating diets and encourages the development of atherosclerosis. Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide), creating a stable compound with hemoglobin, impaired oxygen metabolism. Both of these substances together increases the risk of ill ischemic heart disease, stroke, aortic aneurysm, heart rhythm disturbances.
Nicotine is the main active ingredient in tobacco smoke, both active in the central and the autonomous nervous system, distorts neurohormonų metabolism and resulting in the emergence of dependence. Tobacco smoking is the most effective way to introduce nicotine into the body (smoking in the first dose reaches the brain within 10-20 seconds. But then the smokers received and all other harmful substances).
Effect of Smoking Health
Regular smoking health effects depend on the number of cigarettes surūkomų (entering into the body of harmful substances in total), smoking duration (length of service) and individual characteristics of the organism, and not all smokers smoke-induced effects occur uniformly. The most notable is a causal link between smoking and diseases of pulmonary cancer. By 90 to 95 percent. it was regularly sick smokers. All smoking-related forms of cancer leads to 30 percent. overall mortality from malignant tumors.
Chronic bronchitis is an inevitable consequence of long-term regular smoking. 75 percent. all respiratory disease associated with smoking, but it leads to only 3-4 per cent. overall mortality. The reason is that chronic lung disease takes a long time, and smokers during the time of death and other diseases.
Smoking leads to 25 percent. mortality from ischemic heart disease and is considered one of its most important risk factor, especially in combination with others (hypercholesterolaemia, arterial hypertension, etc.).. Young and middle-aged men smoking is considered one of the most important of their early death from myocardial infarction factor.
Causing circulatory disorders and sperm motility by reducing smoking leads to male infertility, smoking also increases the likelihood and impotence.
Smoking effects are particularly sensitive to your child's body. Studies have found that smoking among children in the lungs rapidly evolving genetic changes that can lead to lung cancer. Dependence on tobacco, they may occur after just a few cigarettes surūkymo, but after the first two years of smoking at least a few cigarettes per day smokers, students assess their health worse than non-smokers.
Female smokers suffering from the same diseases as smoking men, but on the psychophysical characteristics of their health suffer more. Smoking women get pregnant later, tend to be infertile, they tend to be dysmenorrhea and premature menopause. Rūkančioms women together, and taking oral contraceptives, especially susceptible to increased risk of ischemic heart disease. Nicotine and carbon monoxide easily passes the placental barrier and enters the fetal blood, and pregnant women smoking is dangerous not only them, but the fruit body. Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of spontaneous abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy increases perinatal mortality, slows fetal and child development. Smoking women are more likely give birth to lower weight and preterm babies, their babies often die from sudden infant death syndrome.
Passive smoking
Passive smoking is called breathing tobacco smoke, polluted air. Passive smoking is harmful to both adults and children. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency passive smoking is identified as Group A (confirmed) human carcinogen. Tobacco smoke irritates the eyes and respiratory tract mucosa, accelerates the emergence of fatigue, can trigger headaches, angina, asthma attacks, exacerbate the symptoms of allergic diseases. Frequent and long-term passive smoking increases lung cancer, heart disease, stroke and other smoking-disease risk.
Tobacco smoke are particularly vulnerable children whose parents smoke. These children are 1.5 times more often suffer from asthma, respiratory tract infections, otitis media, often visiting the clinic and other diseases. Such children struggling to learn, they experience more psychological problems. Children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy, often twice the mortality, sudden infant death syndrome.
Smoking Quitline
About 70 per cent. of all regular smokers want to quit smoking, many of whom have ever tried to quit, but only 1 to 5 percent. who had tried to quit succeeded in becoming self-non-smoking (smoking years and more). Therefore, smokers are two-fold need assistance, one should be encouraged to quit smoking and to strengthen the motivation of stopping, others, already willing to give up and want to require different levels of medical and psychiatric assistance: medical consultation, the pharmacological treatment, psychotherapy, anonymous groups, telephone and other methods.
Separate ways to the effectiveness of aid is very different from the minimum (5% of self-dropping case) to 50-70% of the strong motivation of patients in the groups expected the best results when available to all routes of exposure.
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